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Chapter
1: The Science of Physics
Section
1: What is Physics
Objectives:
- Identify activities and fields
that involve the major areas within physics.
- Describe the processes of the
scientific method.
- Describe the role of models and
diagrams in physics.
Key Terms:
- model > a replica or description
designed to show the structure of workings of an object, system, or concept
- system > a set of items or
interactions considered a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study
- controlled experiment > experiment
involving manipulation of a single variable or fact
Section
2: Measurements in Physics
Objectives:
-
List basic SI
units and the quantities they describe.
-
Convert measurements
into scientific notation.
-
Distinguish between
accuracy and precision.
-
Use significant
figures in measurements and calculations.
-
accuracy >
describes how close a measured value is to the true value of the quantity
measured
-
precision >
refers to the degree of exactness with which a measurement is made and stated
-
significant figures
> those digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus the
first digit that is uncertain
Section
3: The Language of Physics
Objectives:
-
Interpret data
in tables and graphs, and recognize equations that summarize data.
-
Distinguish between
conversions for abbreviating units and quantities.
-
Use dimensional
analysis to check the validity of expressions.
-
Perform order-of-magnitude
calculations.
Chapter
2: Motion in One Dimension
Section
1: Displacement and Velocity
Objectives:
-
Describe
motion in terms of frame of reference, displacement, time, and velocity.
-
Calculate
the displacement of an object traveling at a known velocity for a specific
time interval.
-
Construct
and interpret graphs of position versus time.
-
frame
of reference > a coordinate system for specifying the precise location
of objects in space
-
displacement
> the change in position of an object
-
average
velocity > the total displacement divided by time interval during which
the displacement occurred
-
instantaneous
velocity > the velocity of an object at some instant (or specific point
in its path)
Section
2: Acceleration
Objectives:
- Describe motion in terms
of changing velocity.
- Compare graphical representations
of accelerated and nonaccelerated motions.
- Apply kinematic equations
to calculate distance, time, or velocity under conditions of constant acceleration.
Key Terms:
- acceleration > the
rate of change of velocity
Section
3: Falling Objects
Objectives:
- Relate the motion of
a freely falling body to motion with constant acceleration.
- Calculate displacement,
velocity, and time at various points in the motion of a freely falling object.
- Compare the motions of
different objects in free fall.
Key Terms:
- free fall > motion
of an object falling with a constant acceleration
Chapter
3: Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors
Section
1: Introduction to Vectors
Objectives:
- Distinguish between a scalar and
a vector.
- Add and subtract vectors using
the graphical method.
- Multiply and divide vectors by
scalars.
Key Terms:
- scalar > a physical quantity
that has only a magnitude but no direction
- vector > a physical quantity
that had both a magnitude and a direction
- resultant > a vector representing
the sum of two or more vectors
Section
2: Vector Operations
Objectives:
- Identify appropriate
coordinate systems for solving problems with vectors.
- Apply the Pythagorean
theorem and tangent function to calculate the magnitude and direction of a
resultant vector.
- Resolve vectors into
components using the sine and cosine functions.
- Add vectors that are
not perpendicular.
Section 3: Projectile
Motion
Objectives:
- Recognize examples of
projectile motion.
- Describe the path of
a projectile as a parabola.
- Resolve vectors into
their components and apply the kinematic equations to solve problems involving
projectile motion.
Key Terms:
- projectile motion >
free-fall with and initial horizontal velocity
Section
4: Relative Motion
Objectives:
- Describe situations in
terms of frame of reference.
- Solve problems involving
relative velocity.
Chapter
4: Forces and the Laws of Motion
Section
1: Changes in Motion
Objectives:
- Explain how force affects
the motion of an object
- Distinguish between contact
forces and field forces
- Interpret and construct
free-body diagrams
Key Terms:
- force > the cause
of an acceleration, or the change in an object's velocity
- contact force > force
that arises from the physical contact of two objects
- field force > force
that can exist between objects, even in the absence of physical contact between
the objects
- force diagram > a
diagram of the objects involved in a situation and the forces exerted on the
objects
Section 2: Newton's First
Law
Objectives:
- Explain the relationship
between the motion of an object and the net external force acting on it
- Determine the net external
force on an object
- Calculate the force required
to bring an object into equilibrium
Key Terms:
- inertia > the tendency
of an object to maintain its state of motion
- net external force >
the total force resulting from a combination of external forces on an object;
sometimes called the resultant force
- equilibrium > the
state in which there is no change in a body's motion
Section 3: Newton's Second
and Third Laws
Objectives:
- Describe the acceleration
of an object in terms of its mass and the net external force action on it
- Predict the direction
and magnitude of the acceleration caused by a known net external force
- Identify action-reaction
pairs
- Explain why action-reaction
pairs do not result in equilibrium
Key Terms:
- action-reaction pair
> a pair of simultaneous equal but opposite forces resulting from the interaction
of two objects
Section 4: Everyday Forces
Objectives:
- Explain the difference
between mass and weight
- Find the direction and
magnitude of normal forces
- Describe air resistance
as a form of friction
- Use coefficients of friction
to calculate frictional force
Key Terms:
- weight > the magnitude
of the force of gravity acting on an object
- normal force > a force
exerted by one object on another in a direction perpendicular to the surface
of contact
- static friction >
the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two contacting surfaces
that are at rest with respect to one another
- kinetic friction >
the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two contacting surfaces
that are moving past one another
- coefficient of friction
> the ratio of the force of friction to the normal force acting between
two objects